2014高考英語理解鞏固精品題練習(xí)（8）及答案 理解 (2012?湖南長、望、瀏、寧一模，C篇) Developed and developing nations can learn fro each other seeking a lowcarbon econoy，a Chinese governent official said in Shanghai yesterday. “China doesn't lag developed nations in ters of energy saving and green econoy”，said Zhou Changyi，director of the energy saving departent of the inistry of Industry and Inforation Technology. “While we can learn any aspects fro developed nations，they also should learn soething fro us，such as water conservation，” Zhou said in a speech during the new Path of China's Industrilization foru at the ongoing China International Industry Fair 2009. He said industrilized nations and China are dealing with different issues to cobat cliate change.The United Kingdo，for exaple，is concerned about transport，buildings and new energy in reducing carbon eissions.For China，the ost urgent task is how to realize newtype of industrilization and avoid istakes that other countries ade when they industrilized. As such，overseas exhibitors at this year's fair are showing ways to help China achieve low carbon eissions in the industrial section. Swiss power and autoation technology group ABB called for a stronger focus on product lifecycle assesent，or LCA，which is used to study the environental ipact of a product fro the research and anufaturing stage through its usage and recycling. Tobias Becker，head of ABB's process autoation division for North Asia and China，said LCA is an effective tool in helping anufacturing industries to reduce carbon eissions. LCA shows that industrial custoers should focus on a product's environental ipact throughout its lifecycle instead of on its initial investent or readytouse stage.For exaple，a otor's initial investent accounts for only 3 percent of its lifecycle cost，while 94 percent goes to fuel consuption and the rest to aintenance. Richard Hausann，North East Asia CEO of Sieens，said，“The color of future industrilization is green.” The Gerany Copany recently announces that it wants to receive orders worth ore than 6 billion Euros (US 8.8 billion) for intelligent net power networks，Sart Grid，over the next five years.Sieens has set a 20 percent arket share target for the global sart grid business. A sart grid delivers electricity fro suppliers to consuers using digital technology，advanced sensors specialized coputers that save energy，reduce costs and increase reliability.The United States and China are considered the two biggest arkets for sart grid. 1．“______” can replace the underlined word “l(fā)ag”． A．Fall behind B．Be superior to C．Attack D．Fear 2．Which of the following about LCA is TRUE? A．LCA is used to study the ipact on a product. B．LCA can help anufacturing industries decrease carbon release a lot. C．LCA shows industrial custoers should focus on a product's environental influence on its initial investent. D．LCA was one of the exhibitions at this year's fair. 3．We can infer ______ fro the eleventh paragraph of this passage. A．Sieens has occupied 20 percent arket share for the global sart grid business B．Sieens received orders worth 6 billion Euros recently C．Sieens will earn $ 8.8 billion fro intelligent power networks D．Sieens' plan about Sart Grid ay coe true in the future 4．______ about Sart Grid isn't entioned in the passage. A．Energysaving B．Lowcost C．SecurityD．Sall in size 5．The best title for the passage ______. A．Developed and Developing Nations Can Learn Fro Each Other B．Lowcarbon Econoy—a Shared Goal C．Intelligent Power Networks D．Two Biggest arkets for Sart Grid
參考答案-----7 1．A 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段“China doesn't lag developed nations in ters of energy saving and green econoy，...”可知，就節(jié)能和綠色經(jīng)濟方面，中國并不落后于發(fā)達國家，所以選擇A項。 2．B 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第七段內(nèi)容可知，LCA可以幫助生產(chǎn)企業(yè)減少碳的排放，所以B項正確。 3．D 推理。由第十一段可知，“智能電網(wǎng)”不僅可以節(jié)能，降低成本，而且還能提高可靠性。美國和中國將成為智能電網(wǎng)最大的市場。綜上所述可知，西門子推出的智能電網(wǎng)計劃得以實現(xiàn)的可能性很大。D項正確。 4．D 細節(jié)理解題。最后一段內(nèi)容沒有提及“智能電網(wǎng)”的大小和規(guī)模，所以選擇D項。 5．B 主旨大意題。第一段表明發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達國家就尋求低碳經(jīng)濟發(fā)展上可以互相借鑒，這是他們共同的目標。由此可知B項符合。
技巧點撥 高考英語閱讀理解部分考查的重點之一是考生對于細節(jié)信息的捕捉、理解和分析能力。細節(jié)題的比重一般為五分之一,換句話說,高考英語閱讀理解的五篇中,每篇都至少設(shè)有一道細節(jié)題。細節(jié)題主要考查考生對中闡述主題的細節(jié)與具體事實的把握能力,內(nèi)容涉及詢問事實、原因、結(jié)果、目的等。細節(jié)題屬于淺層理解題,難度較低,答案明確具體,考生一般可以從閱讀材料中直接找到。因此,解答這類試題時,考生應(yīng)快速閱讀材料,抓住其大意后,迅速瀏覽考題,選定關(guān)鍵詞,然后帶著這些關(guān)鍵詞,運用查讀法,迅速查找相關(guān)信息,進而分析這些信息的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義,理清邏輯關(guān)系,最后選出正確答案。 仔細研究高考英語真題,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn),細節(jié)題主要是針對中的某個短語、某個從句或某個完整的句子而設(shè)置,其中又以針對句子設(shè)題的情況居多。下面我們將結(jié)合真題,具體分析細節(jié)題的命題思路、解題方法和技巧。 針對定語從句的關(guān)系詞設(shè)題 我們知道,英語中的基本句型的語序大致上是固定不變的,但有些時候,由于表達的需要,某些句子的成分或位置會發(fā)生變化,如定語從句中的狀語(關(guān)系副詞)前移等。這種變化往往會令考生感到迷惑,于是命題者就常常利用這種變化設(shè)置考題。 例1:any years ago, when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver, I was driving to y parents' hoe in issouri for Christas. I stopped at a gas station (加油站) about 50 iles fro Oklahoa City, where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register (收款臺), I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas. (2006年全國卷I,B篇) 60. The author planned to stop at Oklahoa City _______. A. to visit a friend B. to see his parents C. to pay or the cash register D. to have ore gas for his car
例2:Coing in a close second—and often wrongly entioned as the ost distant land—is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 iles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 iles west of South Aerica. The ountainous 64-square-ile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for ore than a thousand years giving the plenty of tie to build ore than 1,000 huge stone figures called oai, for which the island is ost faous. (2003年全國卷,A篇) 57. Which of the following is ost faous for oai? A. Tristan da Cunha. B. Pitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena. 【技巧點撥】解答針對定語從句設(shè)置的細節(jié)題時,考生一定要認真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),聯(lián)系上下文,弄清楚關(guān)系詞所指代的對象,準確答題。 針對易產(chǎn)生歧義的句子設(shè)題 除針對一些結(jié)構(gòu)上比較特殊的句式設(shè)題之外,有些意義上容易令考生產(chǎn)生誤解的語句也是命題者關(guān)注的重點。例如: In the restaurant There is probably nothing ore annoying than a diner receiving or aking a call near you when you are in a restaurant. The icy glares you receive should be warning that it is not appreciated. Turn your phone off and use your essage service to return calls after you leave. (2005年上海春季卷,B篇) 79. According to the passage, the ost annoying thing in a restaurant is that ________. A. you receive icy glares B. a nearby diner is answering a phone call C. you have to use the essage service D. you can not return calls until after you leave 英語中有許多難于理解的句子,下面略舉幾例: (1) 否定轉(zhuǎn)移 They are not working hard at English only for theselves. 他們在努力學(xué)習(xí)英語,這樣做并不僅僅是為了他們自己。 錯誤表達:They are working hard at English not only for theselves. (2) 全部否定與部分否定 全部否定:All gers are invisible to the naked eyes. 所有細菌都不能被肉眼所見。 部分否定:Not all wors are visible to the naked eyes. 并不是所有的蟲子都能被肉眼所見。 (3) 含有ore than / no ore ... than的句子 The question is ore than the boy is able to work out. 這個男孩是沒有能力解出這道題的。 A faily without love is no ore a hoe than a body without soul is a an. 就像一個沒有靈魂的軀體不能稱之為人一樣,一個沒有愛的家庭就不能稱之為家。 【技巧點撥】解答此類針對容易產(chǎn)生歧義或難以理解的句子設(shè)置的題型時,考生需結(jié)合平時積累的基礎(chǔ)知識,反復(fù)推敲句意,“去偽存真”,判定句子在文中的準確意思之后再解題。 針對上下文或句間的邏輯關(guān)系設(shè)題 閱讀理解中,有些句子間雖然沒有明顯的關(guān)聯(lián)詞,但卻形成了邏輯上的因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等,以及含有例證、引用等的句子,這些都可能成為命題人的設(shè)題點。 例1: * The left half of the brain controls the right side of the body. The right half controls the left side. * One half of the brain is always doinant (in charge). Usually, the left brain is doinant, which is why 90% of people are right-handed. (2007年江蘇卷,D篇) 70. Fro the passage, we know the reason why around 10% of people are left-handed is that ________. A. their frontal lobe is usually doinant B. their teporal lobe is usually doinant C. their right brain is usually doinant D. their left brain is usually doinant
C7[2013?天津卷] C Poet Willia Stafford once said that we are defined ore by the detours(繞行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals.I like this iage.But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep eaning of his words. For years we ade the long drive fro our hoe in Seattle to y parents' hoe in Boise in nine hours.We traveled the way ost people do: the fastest, shortest, easiest road, especially when I was alone with four noisy, restless kids who hate confineent(限制) and have strong opinions about everything. Road trips felt risky，so I would drive fast, stopping only when I had to.We would stick to the freeways and arrive tired. But then Banner, our lab was born.He was rejected by his aa days before our planned trip to Boise.I had two choices: leave Banner with y husband, or take hi with e.y husband ade the decision for e. That is how I found yself on the road with four kids, a baby lab and nothing but y everlasting optiis to see e through.We took the country roads out of necessity.We had to stop every hour, let Banner shake out his legs and feed hi.The kids chased hi and one another.They'd get back in the car breathless and energized, selling fresh fro the cold air. We explored side roads, catching grasshoppers in waist－h(huán)igh grass.Even if we siply looked out of the car windows at baby pigs following their other, or fish leaping out of the water, it was better than the best ride down the freeway.Here was life.And new horizons(見識)． We eventually arrived at y parents' doorstep astonishingly fresh and full of stories. I grew brave with the trip back hoe and creative with y disciplining technique.On an epty section of road, everyone started quarreling.I stopped the car, ordered all kids out and told the to eet e up ahead.I parked y car half a ile away and read y book in sweet silence. Soe road trips are by necessity fast and straight.But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and ade e realize that a detour ay uncover the best part of journey—and the best part of yourself. 46．Why did the author use to take freeways to her parents' hoe? A．It was less tiring. B．It would be faster and safer. C．Her kids would feel less confined. D．She felt better with other drivers nearby. 47．The author stopped regularly on the country roads to ________． A．relax in the fresh air B．take a deep breath C．take care of the lab D．let the kids play with Banner 48．What does the author discover fro the trip according to Paragraph 6? A．Freeways are where beauty hides. B．Getting close to nature adds to the joy of life. C．Enjoying the beauty of nature benefits one's health. D．One should follow side roads to watch wild anials. 49．Why did the author ask the kids to get out of the car on their way back hoe? A．To give herself soe tie to read. B．To order soe food for the. C．To play a gae with the. D．To let the cool down. 50．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Char of the Detour B．The Road to Bravery C．Creativity out of Necessity D．Road Trip and Country Life 【要點綜述】 本文是一篇記敘文。主要通過作者的經(jīng)歷向讀者解釋了一個生活哲理：在實現(xiàn)目標的過程中通常我們要多繞一些路。在路上比我們直接到達目的地要收獲更多的東西。 46．B 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“We traveled the way ost people do: the fastest, shortest, easiest road, especially when I was alone with four noisy…”可知作者在回父母家的路上，為了早點到達而選擇了高速，而一個女性單獨帶著四個孩子走高速也是為了安全。故選B。 47．C 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第三句“We had to stop every hour, let Banner shake out his legs and feed hi.”可知，作者停下來是為了照顧小羊羔Banner。故選C。 48．B 推理。根據(jù)作者在第六段的描述可知，作者沿著鄉(xiāng)村小路走時，接近自然，既欣賞了美麗的景色，也為自己的旅程增加了快樂。故選B。 49．D 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第八段“…everyone started quarreling…ordered all kids out and told the to eet e up ahead.”可知，孩子們在車上爭吵起來，作者命令他們下車，走著去前面找作者。這樣做的目的是讓孩子們冷靜下來。故選D。 50．A 主旨大意題。作者在第一段借著名詩人Willia Stafford的話來揭示本文的主題：the detour。再根據(jù)下文的描述，展示了作者在鄉(xiāng)村的路上獲得的快樂，由此可知本文的題目既要有detour又要有與joy相關(guān)的詞匯，選項A正好符合。
例2: Ji suffered heart probles. In conversation he expressed little joy and it seeed that his life was drawing to a close. When his heart probles led to operation, Ji went through it successfully, and a full recovery was expected. Within days however, his heart was not beating properly. Ji was rushed back to operation, but nothing was found to explain the cause of his illness. He died on the operating table on the day before his 48th birthday. (2007年四川卷,B篇) 59. Ji was sent back to operation because ________. A. his heart didn't work well B. he expected a full recovery C. his life was drawing to a close D. the first one wasn't well perfored 例3:What will people die of 100 years fro now? If you think that is a siple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology (生物技術(shù)). With the help of new edicine, the huan body will last a very long tie. Death will coe ainly fro accidents urder and war. Today's leading killers such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will becoe distant eories. (2007年遼寧卷,A篇) 56. According to the passage, huan death is now ainly caused by ________. A. diseases and aging B. accidents and war C. accidents and aging D. heart disease and war 【技巧點撥】閱讀理解題不同于單項,句子并不是單獨存在的,而是處于特定的語言環(huán)境中,與上下文相聯(lián)系。因此,考生解題時不應(yīng)拘泥于某個單句,而應(yīng)“瞻前顧后”,注意整體聯(lián)系,避免“以偏概全”,準確解題。 綜上所述,閱讀理解中的細節(jié)題主要是針對句子的關(guān)系詞、長難句的句意或句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系設(shè)置題目,考生只要學(xué)會分析與題干相關(guān)的信息,厘清其所在句子的結(jié)構(gòu),聯(lián)系上下文準確理解句子的意思,定能輕松解答細節(jié)題。 (2015佛山一中月考題) In the earliest stages of an's developent he had no ore need of oney than anials have. He was content with very siple fors of shelter, ade his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for hiself and his faily fro natural aterials around hi. As he becae ore civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, ore efficient tools and weapons, and ore cofortable and ore lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as siths, leather workers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payent arose. As en becae ore civilized they ______. A. all learnt to ake by theselves the things needed B. had to travel a lot to look for what they wanted C. wanted better things than those they theselves could provide D. no longer provided food and clothing for theselves 【答案及解析】 C 從問題的關(guān)鍵詞becae ore civilized出發(fā)，可以定位到文中與之相關(guān)的語句：As he becae ore civilized…發(fā)現(xiàn)文中用he代替en, 后面的語句however, he began to want better shelter, ore efficient tools and weapons, and ore cofortable and ore lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands 對應(yīng)選項C，用theselves概括了his own neighborhood和of his own unskilled hands。 細節(jié)理解題旨在考查考生對事實細節(jié)的理解。這類試題一般只針對中某一特定的細節(jié)，也可能涉及若干個細節(jié)，或者針對的主要事實，或利用圖形圖表或地圖來表示信息等。 一、提問方式 這類題主要是針對who, what, which, why, how, when, where等來提問的。如： (1)Which of the following stateents is true / NOT true / false according to the passage? (2)In the passage, which of the following is entioned / not entioned? (3)All the following stateents are true EXCEPT ______.
二、解題技巧 1. 高考試題中的細節(jié)理解題主要是通過語句的同義或反義轉(zhuǎn)換來考查考生對英語語言的理解能力。解答這類題可用“尋找題眼”，即從問題入手，找到問題中的題眼，有針對性地掃讀短文，迅速鎖定相關(guān)詞句或信息點，然后尋找相關(guān)的同義或反義表述，圍繞主旨深刻理解材料。 2. 一般可以在中直接或間接找到答案，但是不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型表達相同的意思。但正確選項應(yīng)當(dāng)與主旨相關(guān)聯(lián)。 3. 如果問題中含有否定意義的詞語，如有not, except 等，要特別留心，不要理解錯了，而選相反的答案。 三、干擾選項的特點： 1. 是原文信息，但是不是題目要求的內(nèi)容； 2. 符合常識，但不是內(nèi)容； 3. 與原句的內(nèi)容極為相似，只是在程度或范圍上有些變動。 細節(jié)理解題 例1 【2008 重慶卷閱讀D篇】 Seeing a volcano erupt (噴發(fā)) is a wonderful experience, and you can really feel the beat by clibing to the suit(山頂) of Pacaya for a close-up vie There are guided tours every day up this highly active volcano fro Antigua. Giving travelers a chance to see other Nature at her ost powerful. Pacaya is an easy drive fro Antigua, a beautiful city with any colorful houses along its old streets that are turned into art-works during its Holy Week festival. No atter when you coe to Antigua, you won’t iss the Pacaya-tour copanies. But clibing Pacaya is no easy job: it is 2560 etres high, and reaching the suit takes two to three hours of seeingly one-step-forward and two-step-back oveents. As you clib, you hear the dull sounds of eruptions high above. Steaing. Hot reains fro recent eruptions begin to line the path as you near the active suit; the cKenney Cone(火山錐). Just as though you were going to walk over to the edge of the cone, the road turns to the left and up to the relative safety of the old, inactive suit. any tours are tied so that you arrive at the cone of the volcano in plenty of tie for sunset and the full contrast between the erupting red lava(熔巖) and the darkening sky. On a good day the view fro the suit is extreely exciting. The active outh boils, sending red lava over its sides, and once in a while shoots hot streas up to 100 etres into the air. There is a strong bad sell in the air even if you take care to be upwind of the cone. As evening turns deeper into the night. the burning lava quietly falls down tae side of the volcano. For you, too, it is tie to get down . 69. Antigua is a city . A. where people can enjoy cultural festivals B. where the daring Pacaya tour starts C. that gives a close-up view of Paraya D. that is faous for its tour copanies 70. Clibing to the cKenney Cone, people will . A. walk directly to the active suit B. hear the continuous loud noise fro above C. ake greater efforts than to other suits D. see a path lined with reains of earlier eruptions 71. any tours are tied for people to . A. get down the ountain in tie when night falls B. avoid the sell fro the upwind direction of the cone C. enjoy the fantastic eruption against the darkening sky D. appreciate the scenery of the 2560-etre-high ountain
