2012屆中考英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)教案
廣州英語(yǔ)-上海牛津版-七年級(jí)下-重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法
1. 反意疑問(wèn)句
反意疑問(wèn)句是由兩部分組成的，前一部分是對(duì)事物的陳述（即陳述句），后一部分是簡(jiǎn)短的提問(wèn)（即簡(jiǎn)短疑問(wèn)句），中間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如果前一部分用肯定句，后一部分就用否定疑問(wèn)句；如果前一部分用否定句，后一部分就用肯定疑問(wèn)句。兩部分的人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)要一致。其回答是用yes或no來(lái)表示。
肯定反意疑問(wèn)句的回答和否定反意疑問(wèn)句的回答翻譯成漢語(yǔ)是有區(qū)別的：
1）肯定反意疑問(wèn)句回答時(shí)yes和no翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)是一致的：
例如："It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes,it is." （“這是新的，對(duì)嗎？”“是，是新的�！保�
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "No,it isn't."（“這是新的，對(duì)嗎？”“不，不是新的。”）
2）而否定反意疑問(wèn)句回答時(shí)yes和no翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)是不一致的：
如："It isn't new, is it?" "Yes,it is." （“這不是新的，對(duì)嗎？”“不，是新的�！保�
"It isn't new, is it?" "No,it isn't."（“這不是新的，對(duì)嗎？”“是，不是新的�！保�
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
一、目前（甚至說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)）進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
二、目前階段正在進(jìn)行，而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由be (am / is / are)
+v.-ing (動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞)構(gòu)成。否定形式是：am not
/isn’t / aren’t + v.-ing;一般疑問(wèn)句形式則是Am / Is /
Are+主語(yǔ) + v.-ing？常和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀
語(yǔ)有: now, at the moment, these years/ months / weeks / days等或者句中有l(wèi)isten, look，此外，我們還可以根據(jù)上下句來(lái)判斷是否用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
某些表示思想、感覺(jué)、所屬或狀態(tài)等靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞如believe, think, know, understand, love, like, see, hear, smell, taste, want, own 等，一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
3. when, while和as的區(qū)別
①時(shí)間連詞while，as與when是同義詞，均可解為“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)態(tài)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而while后的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)態(tài)是進(jìn)行時(shí)，其次when和while在表示時(shí)間上，when往往指時(shí)間上的一點(diǎn)，而while指一段時(shí)間，while 另指“在……的同時(shí)”
Eg. The headmaster came into the classroom while he was talking loudly.
She began to learn English when she was five.
② as 有時(shí)可與when, while通用，但它著重指主句和從句中的動(dòng)作或事情同時(shí)發(fā)生，不是一前一后。
As we walked, we talked.
4. also, too, either 與 as well 的用法區(qū)別
1) too 和 as well 多用于口語(yǔ)中，語(yǔ)氣較輕，通常用于肯定句或疑問(wèn)句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。
如：Are they coming, too [as well]?
注意：在 Me too; You too這類(lèi)簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中，通常不用 as well或also。
2) also 比 too 和 as well 正式，一般也不用于否定句，它在句中的位置通常是緊靠動(dòng)詞，即放在行為動(dòng)詞之前，特殊動(dòng)之后。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)也放在句末(但不常見(jiàn))。
如：She is young and beautiful，and also rich.
說(shuō)明：also 有時(shí)用于句首(其后通常有逗號(hào))，相當(dāng)于連詞 and。
如：Also, his mother was dead.
3) either(也)通常只用于否定句，且要放在句末。
如：He hasn’t finished it, either.
5. 人稱(chēng)代詞?
人稱(chēng)代詞表示人稱(chēng)范疇以及他們的相關(guān)變化形式。人稱(chēng)代詞有三個(gè)人稱(chēng)，每個(gè)人稱(chēng)又分為單復(fù)數(shù)形式。人稱(chēng)代詞的形式如下：
單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)
格主格賓格主格賓格
第一人稱(chēng)Imeweus
第二人稱(chēng)youyouyouyou
第三人稱(chēng)hehimtheythem
??shehertheythem
人稱(chēng)代詞的位置
1）人稱(chēng)代詞一般出現(xiàn)在它所指代的名詞之后.
e.g. Tom is a five-year-old boy. He likes reading and swimming. ( he指代Tom)
2）人稱(chēng)代詞也可出現(xiàn)在它所指代的名詞的前面。
e.g. Though he didn't know it, Jack was in danger. 杰克還不知道，他已經(jīng)處于危險(xiǎn)之中了。（he 指代Jack）
人稱(chēng)代詞的指代作用: 人稱(chēng)代詞不僅可以指人，也可以指物。人稱(chēng)代詞的人稱(chēng)，數(shù)和性由其所指代的名詞決定，人稱(chēng)代詞的格由其在句子中的地位來(lái)決定。作為主語(yǔ)就用主格，做賓語(yǔ)用賓格
6. 反身代詞
1） 列表
Iyouyoushehe
myselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimself
wetheyitone
ourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself
2）做賓語(yǔ)
a. 有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開(kāi)心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 請(qǐng)你隨便吃點(diǎn)魚(yú)。
b. 用于及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個(gè)時(shí)候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些動(dòng)詞后不跟反身代詞， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 請(qǐng)坐。
3） 作表語(yǔ)； 同位語(yǔ)
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4） 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下，but, except, for 等介詞后賓語(yǔ)用反身代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)。
(錯(cuò)) Myself drove the car.
(對(duì)) I myself drove the car. 我自己開(kāi)車(chē)。
b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語(yǔ)中，第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)可用反身代詞，特別是myself 作主語(yǔ)。
Charles and myself saw it.
5）第二人稱(chēng)作賓語(yǔ)，要用反身代詞。
You should be proud of yourself. 你應(yīng)為自己感到驕傲。
7. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
一、can的用法：
1. (表示能力、功能)能,會(huì)
The classroom can seat thirty students. 這教室能坐三十位學(xué)生。
June can drive now. 瓊現(xiàn)在會(huì)開(kāi)車(chē)了。
2. (表示可能性)可能,可能會(huì)
I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)工作能提前完成。
3. (表示允許、請(qǐng)求)可以
You can't take the book out of the room. 你不可以將這本書(shū)拿出室外。
Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的筆嗎?
4. (表示命令)必須
If you won't keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安靜,就請(qǐng)你走。
5. (表示偶然發(fā)生的可能性)有時(shí)會(huì)
It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有時(shí)容易刮風(fēng),特別在春季。
6. (表示驚訝)究竟;竟至于
What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事?
二、could的用法
can的過(guò)去式；
（用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反的設(shè)想）能；可以；
（表示可能性）可能；
（用于婉轉(zhuǎn)語(yǔ)氣）能，可以
三、may的用法
1.表示請(qǐng)求和允許，意思是：可以
He may come if he likes. 如果他想來(lái)，可以來(lái)
2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝…，（但愿）。
May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝兩國(guó)人民的友誼萬(wàn)古長(zhǎng)青。
3.表示推測(cè)，意思是：可能（會(huì)），或許（會(huì)）。
It may rain this evening. You'd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好帶上雨傘。
四、must的用法
1.表“必須”。
You must talk to them about their study.你必須同他們談?wù)勱P(guān)于他們學(xué)習(xí)的事。
2.在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中表不許。
You mustn't leave here.你不能離開(kāi)這兒。
3.表堅(jiān)定的建議。
You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得馬上來(lái)看我們。
4.表推測(cè)，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。
He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的臉色那么蒼白。
注意： may 暗含的可能性較小。must 暗含的可能性較大。否定的猜測(cè)用can't
The baby can't be ill. He is so active.那寶寶不大可能是病了。他那么活躍。
五、might的用法
might表示的可能性太小，沒(méi)有足夠的說(shuō)服力去職責(zé)別人。
can, could 之間的區(qū)別，和 may,might 之間的區(qū)別在于，虛擬句和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)用后者，表示的可能性比原詞小，但大部分時(shí)候2者可以互換，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義或者對(duì)表述造成干擾。
六、should的用法
1.should 作為助動(dòng)詞 shall 的過(guò)去式，可以在間接引語(yǔ)中與第一人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)搭配，表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間。
2.should 作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，通常用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的責(zé)任或義務(wù)，譯作“應(yīng)該”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，這時(shí)它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互換使用。例如：
You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time.
你們應(yīng)該按時(shí)做完你們的實(shí)驗(yàn)。
3.should 作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，可以用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)的假設(shè)，譯作“萬(wàn)一”、“竟然”，這時(shí)也可將 should 置于從句之首，即將 should 放在主語(yǔ)前面，而省略從屬連詞 if.
If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go.）
萬(wàn)一明天天下雨，我就不去了。
七、 would的用法
1.would是will的過(guò)去式，Would you like～？
表示請(qǐng)求、勸說(shuō)，是很客氣的說(shuō)法。
Would you like a cup of tea？ 您愿意喝杯茶嗎？
2.主語(yǔ)+would like to～
表示“想要……”的意思上，與…want to～意思一 樣，但用此句型較客氣。
I want to ask you a question.
3.最基本的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句型:
主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形。
八. ought to的用法
ought to 是一個(gè)可以加上to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞其意思與should是一樣的,但是ought to 不能用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中表示推測(cè),而should可以
ought to與should意思接近，大多數(shù)情況下二者可以互換，但是should談的是自己的主觀看法，ought to則更多反映客觀情況，在談到法律、義務(wù)和規(guī)定時(shí)使用。
如： We should／ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work．
She is your mother, so you ought to support her．
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will．
8. 物主代詞
1）物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用，例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
約翰割破了手指，顯而易見(jiàn)，他桌子上有個(gè)破玻璃杯。
物主代詞有形容詞性（my, your等）和名詞性（mine, yours等）兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。
名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：
Jack's cap 意為 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意為 The cap is his.
2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能
a. 作主語(yǔ)，如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎？ 你的比我的好用。
b. 作賓語(yǔ)，如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我愛(ài)我的祖國(guó)就像你愛(ài)你的祖國(guó)一樣深。
c. 作介詞賓語(yǔ)，如：Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我所用的詞義去解釋我說(shuō)的話(huà)，而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。
d. 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如：The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬于你，屬于你，屬于你。
9. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句
概念: 在復(fù)合句中，由從句表示的狀語(yǔ)叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。它可以用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞.形容詞.副詞等。根據(jù)它表達(dá)的意思，狀語(yǔ)從句可以分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，條件狀語(yǔ)從句，比較狀語(yǔ)從句，目的狀語(yǔ)從句，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句等。由連接詞if或unless引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句叫做條件狀語(yǔ)從句。（注意：在含有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)[主將從現(xiàn)原則])
經(jīng)典語(yǔ)句：If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.
If you open the door，i will come in.
條件狀語(yǔ)從句就是用以表示“在某種條件下,會(huì)……”, 常用if ,in case , on condition等詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)
連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.
主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，if或unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
固定搭配：unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
if 引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種:
真實(shí)條件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.
非真實(shí)條件句是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的一種，表示與事實(shí)相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him.
so/as long as只要 由as (so) long as, in case引導(dǎo)。
So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你高興，你做什么都沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持書(shū)的清潔，你就可以把我的書(shū)借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.帶著你的傘吧，以防下雨。
10. (a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞
a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點(diǎn)
few / little 為否定含義，沒(méi)有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有幾個(gè)朋友。
He has few friends. 他幾乎沒(méi)有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我們還有點(diǎn)時(shí)間。
There is little time left.幾乎沒(méi)剩下什么時(shí)間了。
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是錢(qián)，不可數(shù)，只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，由句意知后句為否定含義，因此應(yīng)用little表示幾乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 賣(mài)出了許多書(shū)。
11. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
意義: 補(bǔ)充過(guò)去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)
句型: 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+have/has+過(guò)去分詞(done)
�、倏隙ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+have/has+過(guò)去分詞+其他
�、诜穸ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+have/has+not+過(guò)去分詞+其他
�、垡话阋蓡�(wèn)句：Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他
④特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句（have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他）
1 、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則：
(1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied , cry---cried---cried ,
play---played---played , stay---stayed---stayed
(4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：
AAA型: cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
put put put
set set set
let let let
AAB型: beat beat beaten
ABA型: become became become
run ran run
come came come
特殊情況: read read read
read原形發(fā)音為/ri:d/,過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞發(fā)音為/red/
ABB型: bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
find found found
hear heard heard
keep kept kept
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
sell sold sold
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
win won won
ABC型: begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
grow grew grown
know knew known
shake shook shaken
sing sang sung
swim swam swum
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
用法:
（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生過(guò)或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說(shuō),動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢(qián)花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含義是:現(xiàn)在桌子已經(jīng)擺好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含義是:現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含義是:現(xiàn)在已在此地)
（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作（用行為動(dòng)詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動(dòng)詞表示）常與for（+時(shí)間段）,since（+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子）連用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注（超重要）：瞬間動(dòng)詞（buy, die, join, lose……）不能直接與for since 連用。要改變動(dòng)詞
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
open-be open
die-be dead
a) 用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞代替終止性動(dòng)詞
1.have代替buy: My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow: I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become: How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold: Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞
1、be＋married代marry
2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die
4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up
6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open
8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞
1“be＋on”代start, begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介詞短語(yǔ)”代終止性動(dòng)詞
1.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替move to
常用瞬間動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at…相應(yīng)的介詞
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. have married → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
注意：
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用，(如表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for, since連用.
2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑問(wèn)）, just, before, recently, still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.
We have had four texts this semester.
6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：already，yet, before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)連用。
例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？
7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段時(shí)間+has passed+since從句
9. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和短語(yǔ) "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是從過(guò)去某一確定的時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過(guò)好多故事書(shū)。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過(guò)三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別
gone:去了沒(méi)回
been to :去過(guò)
been in：呆了很久
11.不能與when連用
一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是“助動(dòng)詞 have/ has + 過(guò)去分詞”。
(2) 、一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
試比較以下幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別：
① A:Have you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析：你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？（ A ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；（ B ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析：他是怎么做的這件事？（ A ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；（ B ）句單純的詢(xún)問(wèn)做這件事的方式。
�、� A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了 8 年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。（ B ）句講的是他在北京住過(guò) 8 年，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在北京了。
(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只是說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗過(guò)了車(chē)。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我剛才洗過(guò)車(chē)了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已經(jīng)澆了花。（不需要再澆了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天澆的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好了，但還沒(méi)有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周寫(xiě)的那封信，3天前寄出的。
3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則單純表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)歷。
比如：It has rained for five hours. 雨已經(jīng)下了5個(gè)小時(shí)了。
It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了5個(gè)小時(shí)的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經(jīng)兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)還在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已是下午或晚上）
七年級(jí)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)句型總結(jié)
1．I think…意為“我認(rèn)為……”，是對(duì)某人或某事的看法或態(tài)度的一種句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…，如：I think he’s Mr Zhinag. (L17)I don’t think you are right.
2．give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意為“把……給……”，動(dòng)詞give之后可接雙賓語(yǔ)，可用這兩種句型；若指物的賓語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)，則只能用give it/ them to sb. 如：
His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)
3．take sb./ sth. to…意為“把……(送)帶到……”，后常接地點(diǎn)，也可接人。如：
Please take the new books to the classroom.
4．One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意為“一個(gè)是……；另一個(gè)是……”，必須是兩者中。如：One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red,, the other is grey.
5．Let sb. do sth. 意為“讓某人做某事”，人后應(yīng)用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，其否定式為Don’t let sb，do sth.，或Let sb. not do sth. 另外，Let’s 與Let us的含義不完全相同， 前者包括聽(tīng)者在內(nèi)，后者不包括聽(tīng)者在內(nèi)，如：Let’s go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.
6．help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意為“幫助某人做某事”，前者用不定式作賓補(bǔ)，后者用介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)，二者可以互換。如：
Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.
7．What about…？/How about…？意為“……怎么樣？”是用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)或征求對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)、意見(jiàn)、看法等。about為介詞，其后須接名詞、代詞或V-ing等形式。如：
What/How playing chess?
8．It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意為“該做……的時(shí)間了”，其中to后須接原形動(dòng)詞，for后可接名詞或V-ing形式。如：
It’s time to have supper. =It’s time for supper.
9．like to do sth./like doing sth.意為“喜歡做某事”，如：
Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)
前一種句型側(cè)重具體的一次性的動(dòng)作；后一種句型側(cè)重習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，試比較：
Tom likes swimming, but doesn’t like to swim this afternoon.
10．a(chǎn)sk sb.(not) to do sth. 意為“讓某人(不要)做某事”，其中ask sb.后應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞不定式，如：
Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)
11．show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意為“把某物給某人看”，該句型的用法同前面第2點(diǎn)。如：
Show your friend your family photo.（L36）/Show your family photo to your friend.
12．introduce sb. to sb. 意為“把某人介紹給另一人”；introduce to sb.則是“向某人作介紹”。如：
Introduce your family to her.
語(yǔ)法易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)
[第一類(lèi)] 名詞類(lèi)
1. 這些女老師們?cè)诟墒裁矗?br> [誤] What are the woman teachers doing？
[正] What are the women teachers doing？
[析] 在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)一名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾另一名詞（單或復(fù)數(shù)形式）時(shí)，作定語(yǔ)的名詞一般要用其單數(shù)形式；但當(dāng)man，woman作定語(yǔ)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式men，women.
2. 房間里有多少人？
[誤] How many peoples are there in the room？
[正] How many people are there in the room？
[析] people作“人、人們”解時(shí)，是個(gè)集合名詞，其單復(fù)數(shù)同形。
3. 我想為我兒子買(mǎi)兩瓶牛奶。
[誤] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.
[正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son.
[析] 表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量時(shí)，常用“a / an或數(shù)詞 +表量的可數(shù)名詞 + of + 不可數(shù)名詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)， 其中當(dāng)數(shù)詞大于1時(shí)，表量的可數(shù)名詞要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。
[第二類(lèi)] 動(dòng)詞類(lèi)
4. 你妹妹通常什么時(shí)候去上學(xué)？
[誤] What time does your sister usually goes to school？
[正] What time does your sister usually go to school？
[析] 借助助動(dòng)詞do（或does）構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句或否定句時(shí)，句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用其原形。
5. 琳達(dá)晚上經(jīng)常做作業(yè)，但今晚她在看電視。
[誤] Linda often do her homework in the evening，but this evening she watching TV.
[正] Linda often does her homework in the evening，but this evening she is watching TV.
[析] 在初一英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)階段，我們接觸到了兩種主要時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常和often，usually，sometimes 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子中，若主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用其第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由be（am / is / are） + ving形式構(gòu)成。
6 這雙鞋是紅色的。
[誤] This pair of shoes are red.
[正] This pair of shoes is red.
[析] 在shoes，trousers，gloves，glasses等表示成雙成對(duì)的衣物或工具名詞前用pair（表計(jì)量）修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式由pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來(lái)決定。
[第三類(lèi)] 代詞類(lèi)
7. 這張票是她的，不是我的。
[誤] This is hers ticket. It’s not my.
[正] This is her ticket. It’s not mine.
[析] 物主代詞有形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞之分。形容詞性物主代詞之后一定要接名詞，而名詞性物主代詞之后不需接任何詞。
8. 吳老師教我們英語(yǔ)。
[誤] Miss Wu teaches our English.
[正] Miss Wu teaches us English.
[析] teach sb. sth.中的sb.作teach的賓語(yǔ)，因此當(dāng)sb.為人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)要用其賓格形式。
[第四類(lèi)] 介詞類(lèi)
9. 你能找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案嗎？
[誤] Can you find the answer of this question？
[正] Can you find the answer to this question？
[析] 英語(yǔ)中用“the answer to …”表示“……的答案”。類(lèi)似結(jié)構(gòu)還有the key to the door，the way to the zoo
10. 格林先生星期六上午來(lái)這里。
[誤] Mr Green will come here in Sunday evening.
[正] Mr Green will come here on Sunday evening.
[析] 表示在上午、下午等時(shí)，介詞要用in；而表示在具體的某天上午、下午時(shí)，介詞要用on.
11. 那個(gè)穿著紅裙子的小女孩是我們老師的女兒。
[誤] That little girl on a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[析] 用介詞表示“穿戴衣物”時(shí)，只能用in，其他介詞沒(méi)有此用法。
[第五類(lèi)] 副詞類(lèi)
12. 莉莉，你為什么不回家呢？
[誤] Lily，why don’t you go to home？
[正] Lily，why don’t you go home？
[析] come，go 等后接here，there，home等地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)，地點(diǎn)副詞前不加to。
[第六類(lèi)] 連詞類(lèi)
13. 我喜歡語(yǔ)文和英語(yǔ)，但我不喜歡體育和歷史。
[誤] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.and history.
[正] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.or history.
[析] 在肯定句中并列成分之間用and來(lái)連接；而在否定句中，并列成分之間的連接需用or。
[第七類(lèi)] 冠詞類(lèi)
14. 乘飛機(jī)去北京花了史密斯一家人一個(gè)小時(shí)。
[誤] It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing by a plane.
[正] It takes the Smiths an hour to go to Beijing by plane.
[析] 1．表示“……一家人”用結(jié)構(gòu)“the + 姓氏復(fù)數(shù)”；
2．our 一詞的第一個(gè)字母不發(fā)音，它是以元音音素開(kāi)頭的，所以“一小時(shí)”要用 an hour；
3．用介詞by表示“乘坐”某種交通工具時(shí)，交通工具名詞前不加任何冠詞。
[第八類(lèi)] 句法類(lèi)
15. ??你不是學(xué)生嗎？ ??不，我是學(xué)生。
[誤] ??Aren’t you a student？ ??No， I am.
[正] ??Aren’t you a student？ ??Yes， I am.
[析] 對(duì)否定疑問(wèn)句的回答是用Yes還是用No，這取決于實(shí)際情況：如果事實(shí)是肯定的，就用Yes表“不”；如果事實(shí)是否定的，就用No表“是的”。
中考真題練習(xí)
1. ? What about Mr. Black\'s speech?
?Wonderful! There were ____________ people there.
A. a large number of B. much
C. a great deal of D. lots
2. My uncle went to Australia last year. We haven\'t seen him_______.
A. since almost a year B. from almost a year on
C. after almost a year D. since almost a year ago
3. ? What would you like for _______ breakfast, Mr. Scott?
?Three pieces of bread with_______ cup of black tea, please.
A. a; a B.不填; the C. a; the D.不填；a
4. ? What are you looking for, Michelle?
?My cousin's MP3 player. It _______ right here, and now it's_______.
A. has been; gone B .was; gone C. was; going D. is; going
5. ? Can your brother make model airplane?
?Yes, this week he ______ a new model.
A. builds B. is built Chad built D. is building
6. Mr. White is of great help; you ______ let him go.
A .had not better B. had better don\' t
C. had better not D. had no better
7. My grandfather wants ______ around the world because he enjoys ______ new places.
A. travelling; seeing B. to travel; to see
C. to travel; seeing D. travelling; to see
8. Mr. Watson won’t be here next week, and______.
A. neither his wife will B. neither his wife won\' t
C. his wife won\' t neither D. his wife won\' t either
9. What about Sally? She\'s done her best these days;______?
A. hasn't she B. isn't Sally C. hasn't Sally D. isn't she
10. All the children like Mr. White very much because he often makes them______.
A. laughed B. laugh C. laughing D. to laugh
11. This is ______ that all of us believe it\' s very important.
A. such useful information B. so useful an information
C. so useful informations D. such a useful information
12. Mrs. Shute wouldn't leave the TV set, ______ her children were waiting for their supper.
A. if B. because C. even though D. as soon as
13. ---Could you lend me your dictionary? I left _______ at home.
---Certainly.
A. it B. yours C. one D. mine
14. My uncle used _______ a very good football player, but this was a long time ago.
A. to being B. being C. be D. to be
15. ---My car has broken down. Could you please give me a ride tomorrow?
---I’m sorry I ________. I’m leaving for London tonight.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. couldn’t D. shouldn’t
16. ---Is _______true that Americans eat hamburgers and hot dogs every day?
---No, that’s not true, but they are both very popular foods in America.
A. this B. anything C. it D. something
17. ---How well did you do in the maths exam?
---Better than before. I think it was _______ difficult than the last one.
A. more B. less C. much D. very
18. ______ Mrs Wilson came into the classroom, all the children welcomed her.
A. Whether B. As well as C. If D. As soon as
19. We didn’t have enough chairs, _______some of the students had to sit on the floor.
A. but B. so C. or D. and
20. ?Why couldn't you the correct spelling of the word?
?Err. . . I hadn't got a Chinese-English dictionary at hand.
A. look for B. look down C. look up D. look at
21. An old friend of my sister's always helps my brother and with English.
A. I; our B. me; ourselves C. I; my D. me; our
22. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasn't news.
A. many B. a few C. much D. few
23. ? I take some photos in the hall?
? No, you .
A. Can; needn't B. Must ; mustn'tC. Could; won't D. May; mustn't
24. If you carefully, you the report well.
A. will listen; will be understood
B. will listen; understand
C. listen; will understand
D. listen; understand
25. This is just between you and me. You _________tell anyone about this.
A. mustn't B. can C. should D. have not to
1. Tom is very pleased with the painting. Kate is very pleased with the painting, too. (合并為同一意思的簡(jiǎn)單句)
______Tom _______ Kate are very pleased with the painting.
2. The boy in white is Sue’s child. (就劃線(xiàn)部分提問(wèn))
____________________ in white?
3. They enjoyed themselves at the garden party.
They at the garden party.
4. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it.
The ice on the lake was not enough people .
5. Tom's father came home. Tom began to do his homework.
Tom did not ___________________________________ his father came home.
6. Do more sports and you'll be healthier. ___________________________________, you'll be healthier.
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從36～45各題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
Thousands of years ago, human didn't live in towns. Sometimes they would live in caves or build camps (宿營(yíng)地) in the forest.
Only about thirty people 36 in each camp. The men would go hunting while the women and children 37 food from the trees around the camp. All the food was 38 between everyone in the group. Every few weeks they moved to another place to find more food. It was a simple life, but people had to be 39 They had to make everything that they needed, and they had to know a lot about plants and animals.
Nowadays most people live in towns and cities, and they work in offices and factories. Life is 40 than in the old days. There are fewer 41 , but there is less excitement. Some people go 42 excitements?sailing round the world, climbing mountains, or exploring caves. Most people look forward to the 43 , a time when they can enjoy a change from their normal life. For some this means going camping. But camping today is 44 from camping in the past. Gas cookers, ready-made food and air-beds mean people can camp much more 45 than they did in the old times.
1. A. lived B. talked C. came D. danced
2. A. planted B. collected C. watched D. bought
3. A. found B. used C. shared D. sold
4. A. polite B. kind C. careful D. clever
5. A. worse B. faster C. easier D. harder
6. A. dangers B. stories C. people D. animals
7. A. waiting for B. looking for C. turning on D. putting on
8. A. dreams B. gifts C. meals D. holidays
9. A. away B. different C. free D. far
10. A. slowly B. terribly C. comfortably D. hopefully
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填入適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，使短文的意思完整，每格限填寫(xiě)一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞，要求開(kāi)頭第一個(gè)字母與所給的字母相同。在填寫(xiě)答案時(shí)，單詞開(kāi)頭的第一個(gè)字母要寫(xiě)出來(lái)。
Dear Tom,
Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s the beginning of the summer h . How are you getting on with your s ? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b f Canada yet?
My stamp collection (集郵) is g bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d______ countries. In my stamp books, I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen-friend from Britain. She gave me some B____ stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. I'm glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r_______ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p_____ me. Have you sent them off yet?
Please write to me soon.
1~5 ADDBD
6~10 CCDAB
11~15 ACDDA
16~20 CADBC
21~25 DCDCA
1. Both and
2. Whose child
3. had a good time
4. thick for to skate on it
5. do his homework until
6. If you do more sports
[文章大意]數(shù)千年前，人類(lèi)住在洞穴里或在樹(shù)林里宿營(yíng)，男人 打獵，女人和孩子采集野果。所有的食物會(huì)在族群內(nèi)共享。 每過(guò)幾周就會(huì)遷徙到另一個(gè)食物更多的地方。為了生存，他 們必須學(xué)著更聰明，要制作自己需要的東西，要知道許多關(guān)于動(dòng)植物的知識(shí)�，F(xiàn)在人們大多數(shù)住在城鎮(zhèn)，生活變簡(jiǎn)單了卻 也更平淡了。有些人為了尋求刺激而去探險(xiǎn)和登山。大多數(shù) 人在假期里去體驗(yàn)一種不一樣的生活。他們也會(huì)宿營(yíng)，但他們的裝備和必需品使得宿營(yíng)和數(shù)千年前相比要舒服許多。
36．A 37．B 38．C 39．D 40．C 41．A 42．B 43．D 44．B 45．C
1 since
2. holidays
3. sister/sisters
4. back
5. from
6. getting
7. different
8. Building
9. received
10. post
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