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關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：
（1）引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞代表先行詞，同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分，例如：
The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。
（該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl，又在從句中作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。）
This is the pencil whose point is broken.這就是那個(gè)折了尖的鉛筆。
(whose 指物，在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ))
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他重新回來(lái)都忘記了他的那本書(shū)。
（which指物，在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）
（2）which為其先行詞。例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他說(shuō)在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。
（3）其他用法
關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我過(guò)去懂拉丁語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.他變化很大，已不是過(guò)去的他了。
注釋?zhuān)宏P(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略，that在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)也可省略。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用that作關(guān)系代詞。

關(guān)系代詞的語(yǔ)法注意:
1.常用that 不用which的情況:
①先行詞為all, anything, everything, nothing, something等時(shí)。
I will do all (that) I can to help you.
②先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或the only, the very等所修飾時(shí)。
He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.
③先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)
They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.
④當(dāng)主句是以who 或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句用that 引導(dǎo), 以避免重復(fù)。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
2. 若被修飾的名詞充當(dāng)從句介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)
介詞可提前于引導(dǎo)詞之前,此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)詞只能用whom 或which.
The pencil with which he was writing broke.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)
其后的定語(yǔ)從句用in which或 that引導(dǎo),也可不用引導(dǎo)詞。
I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me.

used to/be used to的分別：
①u(mài)sed to + do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
②be used to + doing： 對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)
③used to 的用法 （否定式簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為usedn't） 過(guò)去經(jīng)常，以前常常
This used to be a shabby house. （此房年久失修）
used to,would這兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)都可以表示過(guò)去常做某事，有時(shí)可以換用。
used to do 強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的行為或狀態(tài)，但是現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有這種行為或狀態(tài)了。因此，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的內(nèi)涵是今昔對(duì)比。

關(guān)系代詞的用法:
一、不用that的情況
在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí) (錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.

二、只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a.在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b.在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。
c.先行詞有the only, the very.（恰恰，正好）.any. few. little. no. all 修飾時(shí)，只用that。
d.先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。
e.先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。

三、不能用關(guān)系代詞Which 的幾種情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞為all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which.
There are few books that you can read in this book store.
2.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
3.當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 而不用which.
Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
4.當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
5.當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.
It is the only book that he bought himself.
6.當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.
There is no clothes that fit you here.
7.當(dāng)主句是以which開(kāi)頭的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
8.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.
It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,關(guān)系代詞要用as, 而不用which.
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
10.表示" 正如... 那樣 "，" 正象..." 之意時(shí)，用as, 不用which.
Mary was late again, as had been expected.
11.As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前面，也可以放在主句后面或主句中間，而由 which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句后面。
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.

關(guān)系代詞可以省略的情況:
1.關(guān)系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
2.當(dāng)that在從句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語(yǔ)從句，或在定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)there be 時(shí)，用作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也可省略。
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.狀語(yǔ)的省略
（1）當(dāng)先行詞是reason，而且定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略。
That is the reason (why) I did it.
（2）當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略。
I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
（3）當(dāng)先行詞是time時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用when,that 或省略。
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意：關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)也不能省略。

關(guān)系代詞不能省略情況：
1.在介詞+whom與介詞+which中，whom,which不能省略。
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
2.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
3.在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中，as,that即使作賓語(yǔ)，也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同類(lèi)用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一個(gè))
4.當(dāng)由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)先行詞時(shí)，第一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞可省，但第二，第三個(gè)不可省略。
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.

特殊關(guān)系代詞的用法：
關(guān)系詞通常是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的,但as,than和but這三個(gè)詞卻與which, who, that, where, when和why等典型的關(guān)系詞不同。
三者本身具有常見(jiàn)的字面意義,前面有名詞作先行詞,但后面的定語(yǔ)從句卻不像典型的定語(yǔ)從句。
這些既像連接詞又像關(guān)系詞的詞,我們就姑且稱(chēng)它們?yōu)闇?zhǔn)關(guān)系詞。
一、as作為準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在the same ... as, such ... as, 和as ... as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。
這時(shí), as前面通常要有名詞;
as后面的從句意義上不像是通常的定語(yǔ)從句;
as需要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
1. the same ... as
1) as在從句中作主語(yǔ)
　　She is the same person as came here last Sunday. 她就是上星期天來(lái)這兒的那個(gè)人。
　　2) as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)
　　This is the same watch as I lost while I was doing the sightseeing in Shanghai three months ago. 這塊表跟我三個(gè)月前在上海觀光時(shí)丟失的那塊一樣。
　　3) as在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)
　　China is not the same country as it used to be. 中國(guó)已今非昔比。
　　4) as在從句中作行為方式狀語(yǔ)
　　You should learn to do housework in the same way as your mother does it. 你應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)像你母親那樣做家務(wù)活。
2. such ... as
　　1) as在從句中作主語(yǔ)
　　Let children read such books as tend to make them better and brighter. 讓孩子看那些容易讓他們變得更好更聰明的書(shū)。
　　2) as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)
　　This is not such an interesting book as you just talked about. 這不是你們剛才談到的那種有趣的書(shū)。
　　3) as在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)
　　Such a bad man as he is will be punished. 像他這樣的壞人一定會(huì)受到懲罰。
3. as ... as
　　1) 第二個(gè)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)
　　He has as much money as is required. 他要多少錢(qián)就有多少錢(qián)。
　　2) 第二個(gè)as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)
　　I have as many friends as you (do). 我的朋友和你的朋友一樣多。
　　3) 第二個(gè)as在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)
　　As is known to all, Taiwan is one of the Chinese provinces。眾所周知,臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)的一個(gè)省。

二、than作為準(zhǔn)關(guān)系詞 出現(xiàn)在more ... than, less ... than, fewer ... than等結(jié)構(gòu)中。這時(shí), than前面要有名詞; than本身有比較意義,而且需要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
　　1. than在從句中作主語(yǔ)
　　Take it easy, I have more money than is needed. 放心，我的錢(qián)比所需要的還要多。
　　2. than在從句中作賓語(yǔ)
　　I have more/fewer books than you (do). 我的書(shū)比你的多/少。
　　3. than在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)
　　He is a better boy than you (are). 他是一個(gè)比你更好的男孩。
三、but作為準(zhǔn)關(guān)系詞 本身含有否定意義,它前面的主句還有另一個(gè)否定意義。這時(shí)but在意義上相當(dāng)于“who ... not ...”或“which/that ... not ...”。
　　1.定語(yǔ)從句中有be動(dòng)詞,并將其改為含but的復(fù)合句時(shí), be動(dòng)詞后面不能再有not
　　There is no one who is not conccrned about his future. (= There is no one but is concerned about his future.) 沒(méi)有人不關(guān)心自己的未來(lái)?
　　2. 定語(yǔ)從句中有can, will, shall, must, may, should, ought to等助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,在將其改為含but的復(fù)合句時(shí),這些助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面不能再有not
　　There is nothing that she can’t do. (= There is nothing but she can do.) 沒(méi)有她做不到的事?
　　3. 定語(yǔ)從句中有助動(dòng)詞do, does, did, 在將其改為含but的復(fù)合句時(shí),應(yīng)去掉do, does, did, 還原其后動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及人稱(chēng)變化
　　There is no one who doesn’t wish to make great achievements. (= There is no one but wishes to make great achievements.) 誰(shuí)都希望自己將來(lái)能有所成就。
四、which的先行詞：關(guān)系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個(gè)句子
　　He said he saw me there, which was a lie。他說(shuō)在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。
說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
　　I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew。 我過(guò)去懂拉丁語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。

定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)：
根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，從句不可省去;
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
1．由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
一般情況下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和which，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，但不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：
The comrade that（who）is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker．
正在會(huì)上講話的那個(gè)同志是個(gè)先進(jìn)工人。
Is this the doctor that（whom）you talked about yesterday？
這就是你們昨天談?wù)摰哪俏会t(yī)生嗎？
The letter that（which）I received yesterday was from my father．
昨天我收到的信是我父親寄來(lái)的。
2．由who，whom和whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
who在從句中作主語(yǔ)，whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，whose在從句中作定語(yǔ)。如：
This is the thief who stole my bike．這就是偷我自行車(chē)的那個(gè)賊。
He is the boy whom you wanted to find．他就是你想要找的那個(gè)男孩。
The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．?huà)寢屖莻�(gè)醫(yī)生的那個(gè)女孩在外面等你。
3．由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
which指物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：
The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”．
媽媽上周買(mǎi)給我的那本書(shū)名叫《西行漫記》。
The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum．
魯迅曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的那所房子現(xiàn)在是魯迅博物館。
4．由where，when和why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。如：
I will never forget the day when I joined the League．我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我入團(tuán)的那一天。
He will go back to the school where he studied next week．下周他要回到他曾經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)的學(xué)校。
I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin．我不知道他同張琳吵架的原因。
［注意點(diǎn)］
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常省去。如：
The play（which）I watched just now had been on twice on Channel
我剛才看的那個(gè)戲劇在3頻道上已上演了兩次。

關(guān)系代詞的用法：
1. 關(guān)系代詞的句法功能
(1)關(guān)系代詞在句中作主語(yǔ)
例如：I prefer music that/which has great lyrics
(2) 關(guān)系代詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)
例如：I like music that I can sing along with.
(3)關(guān)系代詞在句中作表語(yǔ)
例如：The house is not the one (that) it used to be.
2. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作名詞的定語(yǔ)
例如：Is she the teacher whose hair is very short?
3. 關(guān)系代詞的用法
(1)who和whom的用法：二者都用于指人。Who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，
whom 在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。Whom在從句中能坐介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而who則不能。
例如：
I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party
in the shopping center yesterday.
(2)whose的用法：一般指人，有時(shí)也指物。在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。
例如：I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics.
(3)which的用法：一般指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、偶爾作定語(yǔ)。
例如：The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min.
(4)that的用法：指人或物，指人時(shí)可與who、whom互換，指物時(shí)可與that互換。
在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，還可作表語(yǔ)。
例如：It is a book (that/which) no one really likes.
4. 宜用who不宜用that的情況
(1)先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí)
例如：Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions.
(2) 先行詞指人時(shí)且含有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)
例如：The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
5. 在以下情況中，關(guān)系代詞常用that
(1)先行詞為all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-與thing所組成的復(fù)合單詞時(shí)，只能用that。
例如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress.
(2)先行詞前有only, some, any等形容詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that。
例如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out.
(3)先行詞前由形容詞的最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that。
例如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(4)先行詞同時(shí)包括人和物時(shí)，只能用他和她，
例如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
6. 只能用which不能用that的情形
(1)當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞指物時(shí)，只能用which
例如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.
(2)關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí)，只能用which
例如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.
(3)先行詞本身就是that時(shí)
例如：I don’t like that which he did.

關(guān)系副詞的用法
1. when的用法：它的先行詞通常是time, day, morning等。有時(shí)也可和一些介詞一起引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
例如：Do you remember the time when she went abroad?
2. where的用法：它的先行詞通常有place, spot, room等。
例如：I like places where the weather is always warm.
3. why的用法：它的先行詞只有reason。Why時(shí)常也可以省略。
例如：Tell me the reason why she was late.