高一上冊英語語法總結(jié) 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示將來
意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時
1）過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不確定的時間狀語
3）現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 舉例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。）
I have seen this film.
（強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點(diǎn) (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段時間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結(jié)
結(jié)果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認(rèn)識他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2) 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……" He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。
用一般過去時代替完成時
1) 兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2 ) 兩個動作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。 When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
不用進(jìn)行時的動詞
1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動詞
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2) 心理狀態(tài)的動詞
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
3 ) 瞬間動詞
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
4) 系動詞
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.
虛擬語氣1） 概念
虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說的是一個條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。
2） 在條件句中的應(yīng)用
條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。
真實(shí)條件句
真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
時態(tài)關(guān)系
句型： 條件從句 主句
一般現(xiàn)在時 shall/will + 動詞原形
If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例題
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。
注意：
1） 在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will.
(錯) If you le
ave now, you are never going to regret it.
(對) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2） 表示真理時，主句謂語動詞便不用shall (will) +動詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時的動詞形式。
非真實(shí)條件句
1）時態(tài)：可以表示過去，現(xiàn)在和將來的情況。它的基本特點(diǎn)是時態(tài)退后。
a. 同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
句型 ： 條件從句 主句
一般過去時 should( would) +動詞原形
If they were here, they would help you.
b. 表示于過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
句型： 條件從句 主句
過去完成時 should(would) have+ 過去分詞
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含義： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.
c. 表示對將來的假想
句型： 條件從句 主句
一般過去時 should+ 動詞原形
were+ 不定式 would + 動詞原形
should+ 動詞原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
混合條件句
主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間，這時主，從句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
（從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。）
If it had rained last night (過去), it would be very cold today (現(xiàn)在).
虛擬條件句的倒裝
虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should或had 移到從句句首，實(shí)行倒裝。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虛擬語氣的從句中，動詞'be'的過去時態(tài)一律用"were"，不用was， 即在從句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就會去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在這兒，一切都會好的。
典型例題
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If
were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個詞，通常將if省略，主語提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do., 而不能說 Weren't I to do.
特殊的虛擬語氣詞：should
1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句的謂語動詞要用should 加動詞原形， should 可省略。
句型：
(1)suggested
It is (2)important that…+ (should) do
(3) a pity
(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do
(2)important, necessary, natural, strange
a pity, a shame, no wonder
(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
2）在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中。
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
注意： 如suggest, insist不表示"建議" 或"堅持要某人做某事時"，即它們用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"堅持認(rèn)為"時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。
The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判斷改錯:
（錯） You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(對) Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(錯) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(對) I insisted that you were wrong.
3）在表語從句，同位語從句中的應(yīng)用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動詞原形。
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
比較if only與only if
only if表示"只有"；if only則表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陳述語氣。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時鬧鐘響了，就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早點(diǎn)回來。
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。（
whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3）which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語）
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。
1）when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？
2）that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
方法一：用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）
（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（對） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭?/P>1234567下一頁
定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。
限制性和非限制性定語從句
1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）
2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝�，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例題
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：
(1） as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于
句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。
在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應(yīng)為B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。
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